Development of professional tolerance in medical students through professionally-oriented foreign language training

Global sociocultural transformations in the modern world are associated with expansive digitalisation and its impact on human life. Given the advantages of digital technology development, a number of significant problems arise, in particular, social differentiation, commercialisation of socionomic professions, information consumerism, emotional estrangement due to the virtualisation of communication, a shift in value orientations, replacement of traditional moral norms with their destructive simulacra. There is a clear need for intensification of educational activities in higher education focused on the humanisation of public consciousness, the promotion of social cohesion and the development of the moral backbone of an individual. Hence, it is necessary to refer to the theoretical and methodological foundations of tolerance development in students. The aim of this article is to clarify the concept of professional tolerance of a doctor and describe the strategy of its development in students in the process of foreign language training. Considering the issue of professional education of future doctors, the authors note that the vector of students’ spiritual and moral development is determined by the values, attitudes, and norms of medical ethics and deontology. Herewith, the principle of tolerance is of the basic ones since professional medical practice is based on regular interpersonal interaction. The authors define the concept of a doctor’s professional tolerance as the willingness to provide patients with high-quality medical care regardless of the heterogeneity of socio-cultural factors and subjective personal aspects. This concept assumes the doctor’s tact, empathy, psychological flexibility and poise. The proposed strategy for the development of professional medical tolerance in students via professionally-oriented foreign language training involves the holistic formation of its cognitive, affective and conative components through the educational content and the parity in subject-subject interaction. In the development of the cognitive component, considerable importance is ascribed to supplementing the basic educational materials by authentic content of social and professional orientation. The connecting link of the development of cognitive and affective components is the identification and levelling of stereotypes and prejudices regarding socially significant diseases. The basis for the development of the affective component is pedagogical tolerance, a favourable educational environment, interactive activities at classes, and the facilitation of students’ reflection. The development of the conative component of tolerance is directly tied to the development of professional communicative competence of future doctors: the study and development of various speech clichés in the format of interaction with patients; revision of politeness formulas; practicing non-verbal communication means in playing out quasi-professional situations; mastering the speech norms “plain language” and “people-first language”

Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia

The Russian Federation is the largest and one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, however no centralized reference database of genetic variation exists to date. Such data are crucial for medical genetics and essential for studying population history. The Genome Russia Project aims at filling this gap by performing whole genome sequencing and analysis of peoples of the Russian Federation. Here we report the characterization of genome-wide variation of 264 healthy adults, including 60 newly sequenced samples. People of Russia carry known and novel genetic variants of adaptive, clinical and functional consequence that in many cases show allele frequency divergence from neighboring populations. Population genetics analyses revealed six phylogeographic partitions among indigenous ethnicities corresponding to their geographic locales. This study presents a characterization of population-specific genomic variation in Russia with results important for medical genetics and for understanding the dynamic population history of the world's largest country

Interface Asymmetry Induced and Surface Pressure Controlled Valence Tautomerism in Monolayers of bis-Phthalocyaninates of Lanthanides

Supramolecular systems based on transition metal complexes capable of reversible redox isomerization due to intramolecular electron transfer are one of the most interesting objects from the viewpoint of molecular switches’ design. In the present work, a comparative analysis of valence transformation of lanthanide complexes (Sm, Er, Tm and Yb) with donor-substituted bis-phthalocyaninates occurring during the formation and compression–extension of Langmuir monolayers was carried out using data of UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. It is shown that the numerical values of the Q-band positions in the absorption spectra for the extended monolayers of the complexes under study depend linearly on the ionic radius of the metal center, if the metals have an oxidation state of +2. This makes it possible to draw a direct analogy between the behavior of the studied compounds and analogous europium and cerium complexes, for which direct evidence of the valence tautomerism in such planar systems was obtained earlier. This led to the conclusion that the intramolecular electron transfer from the phthalocyanine ligand to the central metal ion [Ln3+(R4Pc2−)(R4Pc•−)]0→[Ln2+(R4Pc•−)2]0 occurs when solutions of donor-substituted bis-phthalocyaninates of samarium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium are deposited onto the water subphase, and the reverse redox-isomeric transition is observed in most cases when the monolayer is compressed to high surface pressures. The first of these switches is related to the asymmetry of the air/water interface, and the second one is controlled by the lateral compression–expansion of the monolayer. It has been demonstrated that when bis-phthalocyanine monolayers of lanthanides with variable valence are transferred to solid substrates, the valence state of the metal center, and consequently, the redox-isomeric state of the complex, do not change. This means that we are able to form films with a predetermined state of the complex. Note that the redox-isomeric state of complexes should affect the entire range of physicochemical properties of such films

Interface Asymmetry Induced and Surface Pressure Controlled Valence Tautomerism in Monolayers of <i>bis</i>-Phthalocyaninates of Lanthanides

Supramolecular systems based on transition metal complexes capable of reversible redox isomerization due to intramolecular electron transfer are one of the most interesting objects from the viewpoint of molecular switches’ design. In the present work, a comparative analysis of valence transformation of lanthanide complexes (Sm, Er, Tm and Yb) with donor-substituted bis-phthalocyaninates occurring during the formation and compression–extension of Langmuir monolayers was carried out using data of UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. It is shown that the numerical values of the Q-band positions in the absorption spectra for the extended monolayers of the complexes under study depend linearly on the ionic radius of the metal center, if the metals have an oxidation state of +2. This makes it possible to draw a direct analogy between the behavior of the studied compounds and analogous europium and cerium complexes, for which direct evidence of the valence tautomerism in such planar systems was obtained earlier. This led to the conclusion that the intramolecular electron transfer from the phthalocyanine ligand to the central metal ion [Ln3+(R4Pc2−)(R4Pc•−)]0→[Ln2+(R4Pc•−)2]0 occurs when solutions of donor-substituted bis-phthalocyaninates of samarium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium are deposited onto the water subphase, and the reverse redox-isomeric transition is observed in most cases when the monolayer is compressed to high surface pressures. The first of these switches is related to the asymmetry of the air/water interface, and the second one is controlled by the lateral compression–expansion of the monolayer. It has been demonstrated that when bis-phthalocyanine monolayers of lanthanides with variable valence are transferred to solid substrates, the valence state of the metal center, and consequently, the redox-isomeric state of the complex, do not change. This means that we are able to form films with a predetermined state of the complex. Note that the redox-isomeric state of complexes should affect the entire range of physicochemical properties of such films

Peripheral Groups of Dicationic Pyrazinoporphyrins Regulate Lipid Membrane Binding

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a widely used technique for skin cancer treatment and antimicrobial therapy. An improvement in PDT efficiency requires not only an increase in quantum yield of photosensitizer (PS) molecules but also their applicability for biological systems. Recently, we demonstrated that the activity of porphyrin-based PSs in the lipid membrane environment depends on the nature of the cation in the macrocycle due to its interactions with the lipid phosphate moiety, as well as the orientation of the PS molecules inside the membrane. Here, we report the synthesis, membrane binding properties and photodynamic efficiency of novel dicationic free-base, Ni(II) and Zn(II) pyrazinoporphyrins with terminal tetraalkylammonium units (2H-1, Ni-1 and Zn-1), to show the possibility to enhance the membrane binding of PS molecules, regardless of the central cation. All of these substances adsorb at the lipid membrane, while free-base and Zn(II) porphyrins actively generate singlet oxygen (SO) in the membranes. Thus, this study reveals a new way to tune the PDT activity of PSs in biological membranes through designing the structure of the peripheral groups in the macrocyclic photosensitizer

Unusual ‘Turn-on’ Ratiometric Response of Fluorescent Porphyrin-Pyrene Dyads to the Nitroaromatic Compounds

Detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NAC) is an important task since these substances are hazardous to both the biosphere and the society. Fluorescent sensors developed for NAC detection usually demonstrate a ‘turn-off’ response to the analyte, while ‘turn-on’ sensors are rarely reported. Here, we present a showcase report on new pyrene-imidazoporphyrin dyads that demonstrate an unusual analytic response to NAC with clear ‘turn-on’ behavior followed by an unexpected appearance of a new band, which can be ascribed to exciplex emission. The porphyrin backbone of the dyad also allows registration of its own fluorescence, providing an internal reference signal for ratiometric detection. The association constants in the order of 104 M−1 are reported

Long-Sought Redox Isomerization of the Europium(III/II) Complex Achieved by Molecular Reorientation at the Interface

Redox isomerism, that is, the change of a metal cation valence state in organic complexes, can find promising applications in multistable molecular switches for various molecular electronic devices. However, despite a large number of studies devoted to such processes in organic complexes of multivalent lanthanides, redox-isomeric transformations were never observed for europium. In the present work, we demonstrate the unique case of redox isomerization of Eu(III)/Eu(II) complexes on the example of Eu double-decker octa-n-butoxyph- thalocyaninate (Eu[(BuO)8Pc]2) under ambient conditions (air and room temperature). It is shown that assumption of the face-on orientation on the aqueous subphase surface, in which two of each phthalocyanine decks in Eu[(BuO)8Pc]2 are located in different media (air and water), leads to the intramolecular electron transfer that results in the formation of a divalent Eu(II) cation in the complex. Lateral compression of the thus-formed monolayer results in the reorientation of bisphthalocyaninate to the edge-on state, in which the ligands can be considered identical, and occurrence of the reverse redox-isomeric transformation into the complex with a trivalent Eu cation. Both redox-isomeric states were directly observed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy in ultrathin films formed under different conditions

Spin Crossover in Nickel(II) Tetraphenylporphyrinate via Forced Axial Coordination at the Air/Water Interface

Coordination-induced spin crossover (CISCO) in nickel(II) porphyrinates is an intriguing phenomenon that is interesting from both fundamental and practical standpoints. However, in most cases, realization of this effect requires extensive synthetic protocols or extreme concentrations of extra-ligands. Herein we show that CISCO effect can be prompted for the commonly available nickel(II) tetraphenylporphyrinate, NiTPP, upon deposition of this complex at the air/water interface together with a ruthenium(II) phthalocyaninate, CRPcRu(pyz)2, bearing two axial pyrazine ligands. The latter was used as a molecular guiderail to align Ni···Ru···Ni metal centers for pyrazine coordination upon lateral compression of the system, which helps bring the two macrocycles closer together and forces the formation of Ni–pyz bonds. The fact of Ni(II) porphyrinate switching from low- to high-spin state upon acquiring additional ligands can be conveniently observed in situ via reflection-absorption UV-vis spectroscopy. The reversible nature of this interaction allows for dissociation of Ni–pyz bonds, and thus, change of nickel cation spin state, upon expansion of the monolayer

Mycorrhiza-Induced Alterations in Metabolome of <i>Medicago lupulina</i> Leaves during Symbiosis Development

The present study is aimed at disclosing metabolic profile alterations in the leaves of the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that result from high-efficiency arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis formed with Rhizophagus irregularis under condition of a low phosphorus level in the substrate. A highly effective AM symbiosis was established in the period from the stooling to the shoot branching initiation stage (the efficiency in stem height exceeded 200%). Mycorrhization led to a more intensive accumulation of phosphates (glycerophosphoglycerol and inorganic phosphate) in M. lupulina leaves. Metabolic spectra were detected with GS-MS analysis. The application of complex mathematical analyses made it possible to identify the clustering of various groups of 320 metabolites and thus demonstrate the central importance of the carbohydrate and carboxylate-amino acid clusters. The results obtained indicate a delay in the metabolic development of mycorrhized plants. Thus, AM not only accelerates the transition between plant developmental stages but delays biochemical “maturation” mainly in the form of a lag of sugar accumulation in comparison with non-mycorrhized plants. Several methods of statistical modeling proved that, at least with respect to determining the metabolic status of host-plant leaves, stages of phenological development have priority over calendar age

The Role of <i>Medicago lupulina</i> Interaction with <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i> in the Determination of Root Metabolome at Early Stages of AM Symbiosis

The nature of plant–fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant. The present study is aimed at distinguishing the alterations in the M. lupulina root metabolic profile as an indicative marker of effective symbiosis. We examined the root metabolome at the 14th and 24th day after sowing and inoculation (DAS) with low substrate phosphorus levels. A GS-MS analysis detected 316 metabolites. Results indicated that profiles of M. lupulina root metabolites differed from those in leaves previously detected. The roots contained fewer sugars and organic acids. Hence, compounds supporting the growth of mycorrhizal fungus (especially amino acids, specific lipids, and carbohydrates) accumulated, and their presence coincided with intensive development of AM structures. Mycorrhization determined the root metabolite profile to a greater extent than host plant development. The obtained data highlight the importance of active plant–fungi metabolic interaction at early stages of host plant development for the determination of symbiotic efficiency